Oral History!

Great News! Jackson Ward "Smokey" Moore Jr., has emailed with some recollections about the early use of electrolysis and ultrasonic cleaning methods at INDE...

Smokey is an archaeologist whose work at Independence Park almost four decades ago was the focus of a previous posting. His rememberances clarify and deepen our understanding of the history of archaeological practice in Independence Park, in NPS (the federal agency), in the subdiscipline of historical archaeology, and in archaeology in general.

NPS Public Affairs photo of Jackson Ward 'Smokey' Moore Jr.

in the archeology lab in the Second Bank, circa 1960.

I couldn't be more pleased about this! I had high hopes that this blogging project would operate collaboratively. We have now had instructive commentary and invaluable suggestions from a museum curator, a Pennsylvania-based archaeologist, an archivist from the city, a tour guide specialist, and various members of the interested public -- each of whom has helped to inform this INDE Archives Finding Aid project. Now we are fortunate to hear from someone who helped create the materials that comprise the INDE Archeological Records Collection. He is a wonderful writer to boot!

Smokey has given his permission for this correspondence to be treated as oral history so it too will be preserved as part of the INDE archaeological records collection. The following are excerpts from his correspondence (edited to the topic of archeological lab methods).

Jackson Ward "Smokey" Moore writing to V-I-P Patrice L. Jeppson on Aug. 7th, 2009:

The letter about my magic machine from San Francisco was probably from Paul J.F. Schumacher. He was referring to the electrolysis set up. I introduced it to INDE but it wasn't my idea. At Fort Fredericka NM Joel and I had a lab assistant named Bob Taylor. We had been cleaning iron artifacts by heating them in a pot-bellied stove, dunking them and pounding the crusts off, followed by brass and/or steel brushing. Then we would coat them oil to minimize rusting. After Joel left, I got down a copy of Plenderlieth's volume on museum object treatment. I saw a very complex arrangement of electrical equipment that Plenderlieth used for metal objects. Shaking my head I showed it to Bob. Bob was an island man, part of Cap'n Taylor's clan [deleted bio data] whose background was shrimpboating. After about 15 minutes he turned me and exclaimed "Hell, Cap'n, that ain't nothin but a gussied up batt'ry charger!". He also believed that sodium hydroxide was "plain ole lye." I got the stuff and we used a small aquarium tank to clamp the anodes to. It worked beautifully! I sent one of those [NPS] forms to credit Bob. I think Stan South was fielding those then. A downside-- I'm not sure I didn't uffer some detriment from the gas that the process gave off. [sic ;) ? ]

The Ultrasonic Cleaner was Bruce's [B.B. Powell] introduction. It was great for encrusted button and ceramics and other materials. It worked on small metallic objects too. We had to pare down our expectations for many metal objects though: the transducers sometimes broke! It's hard to recapture exact scenes so I don't remember how well we coped with continuing to use process. Maybe Bruce remembers.

NPS Archeologist Paul Schumacher, circa 1955 (top), NPS Archeologist B. Bruce Powell, circa middle 1960's (bottom).

On August 13th, Smokey added:
...My discussion of the ultrasonic device [in the last email communication excerpted above] was in terms of the circumstances that then prevailed. Our appliance was quite small; I would guess about 8"x11" at most. (Bruce may remember it differently). I haven't kept up those babies. I have seen the ones jewelers use to clean diamond rings, and my Braun 7800 electric razor's head cleaner is a mini ultrason. When I saw the illustration in your blog of the ultrasons used today, I realized that the puny tasks we required then would be pieces of cake. now.

Another ‘First’?!

The Archives at Independence Park have yielded yet another discovery related to the history of American archaeology! The Park’s buried cultural resources were used in the early testing of geophysical surveying methods for archaeological research!

These methods --which are a routine part of practice today – involve the use of non-invasive, non-destructive, physical sensing techniques that detect buried archaeological evidence. The resulting underground 'site imaging' is useful for mapping archaeological remains as they exist in the ground. These geophysical studies also guide archaeologists in planning their excavations. More recently, the resulting map images are employed in interpreting historical landscapes to the public.

Correspondence archived in the Park’s Central Files (Box 23, Folder H22: Archeology and Historical Research - Independence Square) indicates that in 1961, Dr. Elizabeth Ralph, then of the Physics Research Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania, requested permission to conduct surface tests and demonstrations "with a proton magnetometer and other archaeological searching equipment” on Independence Square.

Ralph is today credited with pioneering the use of geophysical surveying in American archaeology. Her research developed and improved several instruments for underground exploration. The archived Independence Park archaeological documentation indicates that she tested some of these devices, and trained others in their use, using the historical archaeology remains buried in Independence Square.

At the time, Ralph was researching the archaeological potential of geophysical methods then being used in the fields of geology, engineering, and mineral exploration. She experimented with electrical resistivity instruments that used wave projections to detect metals in the ground (metal detecting) and seismic detectors that employed wave propagation to find soil layer changes. She advanced archaeology's use of sonic detectors and magnetic contrast research, building upon nuclear science research that had led to the development in Europe of proton magnetometers and varian rubidium magnetometers. These instruments allowed for “archaeological prospecting” by measuring very small energy level changes in protons when they are subjected to magnetic charges. (Click on this circa 1965 image of Ralph to link to The Electronic Detective and the Missing City, an article written for Expedition [Winter 1965, 7(2):4-8], the magazine of the University of Pennsylvania's Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Ralph went on to become Director of the Museum's Applied Science Center for Archaeology).

Ralph's magnetometer studies were designed to pick up magnetic contrast readings between ancient buried walls and the earth around them. She crossed paths with the archaeology in Independence Park in 1963, when, in preparation for Old World (European-based) research, she tested instruments, and trained their operators, using the buried ruins of colonial and federal era America.

(Photo: Archeological test trenching at Independence Square in 1959. Early excavations at the square provided information about the historical landscape south of the State House [Independence Hall]. [Image: INDE Archives].)

Letters archived in the Central Files record that Ralph was provided with park archeology maps and drawings to assist her in her equipment testing. These documents detailed the locations of 18th and 19th century house walls and garden pathways, and late 19th and early 20th century utility pipelines. These had been discovered in the 1950's during archeological investigations at Independence Square.

It is unknown at this time (at least as far as my cursory research indicates) whether Ralph’s instrument testing at Independence Park produced any additional research findings. This may have occurred -- although her objectives involved determining whether the instruments could reliably re-locate already identified features. And if so, it is quite possible that any results were not recorded for historical archaeology’s sake: Beyond being another kind of specialist, there was no field of historical archaeology yet in 1963--although historical sites had been investigated archaeologically for decades for historical architecture needs (even recently in the creation of Independence Park), and the first Conference of Historic Sites Archaeology had only just met for the first time (in 1962). The archived correspondence does report that Ralph offered her assistance to the Park archaeologists. If early geophysical findings do exist from this time they could be of use to present day archaeological recovery efforts at Independence Square.

Today geophysical studies are commonplace in archaeology, including at historical archaeology sites in Independence Park. For example, ground-penetrating radar studies were undertaken in recent years at both Independence Square and the Deshler-Morris House property prior to restoration/renovation activities. Systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies has also included the use of other new technologies: In 2007, a geospatial laser survey was used to record the excavated ruins discovered at the President’s House site.

(Photo, top: Kitchen sub-cellar, President's House complex. Bottom, 3D laser scan survey image made by Erdman Anthony company [ Photos: Jed Levin, INHP].)

Beyond the park boundaries, geophysical archaeological studies make use of drones and satellites to conduct infra-red and other light spectrum scanning that penetrates the earth’s crust (and the forest canopy) to locate evidence of past human activity (e.g., roadways, trade routes, lost cities, sunken cities).

Such options were yet to be imagined when, in October 1962, the journal American Antiquity reported on “new developments in [archaeological] field and laboratory research” from Independence Park. This included a notice that “the first extensive field tests following preliminary testing at Independence Square, Philadelphia, were made of a new sonic echo underground searching device developed by Elizabeth Ralph and her associates at the Physics Department at the University of Pennsylvania” (emphasis mine). This same "Current Research" column also remarks on the implementation of the new method of “sonic cleaning of ceramic and glass pioneered by B. Bruce Powell and Jackson W. Moore for the National Park Service at Independence Hall" (sic). I blogged on this other Park 'First' in July after coming across archived correspondence related to experiments with ultrasonic cleaners for the processing of archaeological artifacts.

Once again, this finding aid project has uncovered ‘buried’ history about the role Independence Park archaeology has played in the development of American Archaeology.

Other...

[For more on early archaeology in Independence Park]

Cotter, J.L. (1960) Digging an Historical Shrine: Philadelphia’s Independence Park. Expedition 2(3): 28-32.

[For more on the history of magnetometer use in historical archaeology]

Sillimen, S., P. Farnsworth, and K. Lightfoot (2000) Magnetometer Prospecting in Historical Archaeology. Historical Archaeology 34(2)89-2009.

[For more on the geospatial laser surveying of the President's House]

Merritt, B., Surveying Technology, 3D Laser Technology: Delivering Real Time Examples and Virtual Demonstrations. Government Engineering, May/June 2008: 37-39. [Erdman Anthony company web page]